All the GHGs (GreenHouse Gases) are dangerous to Earth's climate, not simply CO2.

CO2 is a big danger as a GHG simply because of it's quantity PRODUCED. Other GHGs are also dangerous and have been proven to be more dangerous and quite possibly more readily controlled.

Charts and tables (click here) in this Emissions section of our website convert all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into CO2 equivalents so they can be compared.

Each greenhouse gas (GHG) has a different global warming potential (GWP) (Global Warming Potential) and persists for a different length of time in the atmosphere.

The three main greenhouse gases (along with water vapour) and their 100-year global warming potential (GWP) compared to carbon dioxide are: (1)

• 1 x – carbon dioxide (CO2)
• 25 x – methane (CH4) – I.e. Releasing 1 kg of CH4 into the atmosphere is about equivalent to releasing 25 kg of CO2
• 298 x – nitrous oxide (N2O) – I.e. Releasing 1 kg of N2O into the atmosphere is about equivalent to releasing 298 kg of  CO2

Water vapour is not considered to be a cause of man-made global warming because it does not persist in the atmosphere for more than a few days.

There are other greenhouse gases which have far greater global warming potential (GWP) but are much less prevalent. These are sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

There are a wide variety of uses for SF6, HFCs, and PFCs but they have been most commonly used as refrigerants and for fire suppression. Many of these compounds also have a depleting effect on ozone in the upper atmosphere....

How to read this table

The column on the right shows how much that chemical would warm the earth over a 100 year period as compared to carbon dioxide.

For example, sulphur hexafluoride is used to fill tennis balls. The table shows that a release on 1 kg of this gas is equivalent to 22,800 kg or 22.8 tonnes of CO2. Therefore, releasing ONE KILOGRAM of sulphur hexafluoride is about equivalent to driving 5 cars for a year! (2)

Greenhouse Gas	Formula	100-year GWP (AR4)
Carbon dioxide	CO2	1
Methane	CH4	25
Nitrous oxide	N2O	298
Sulphur hexafluoride	SF6	22,800
Hydrofluorocarbon-23	CHF3	14,800
Hydrofluorocarbon-32	CH2F2	675
Perfluoromethane	CF4	7,390
Perfluoroethane	C2F6	12,200
Perfluoropropane	C3F8	8,830
Perfluorobutane	C4F10	8,860
Perfluorocyclobutane	c-C4F8	10,300
Perfluoropentane	C5F12	13,300
Perfluorohexane	C6F14	9,300

NOTE: The GWP values were changed in 2007. The values in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 where refined from the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) values used previously and still in much of the literature.

It's Sunday Night

The next listing for Kyoto Protocol is "Solvent and other product use." 

Up to now the discussion surrounding GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions has been in regard to gases, such as carbon dioxide. The more volatile emissions that are somewhat more elusive to capture and contain are vapors. The specific name for them are VOCs or Volatile Organic Compounds.

"Volatile Times" by IAMX (click here for official site - thank you)

Look at me, what have I become
I am lost I was once a gentleman
But the thief came out in my London town
So I must leave you now
But I will remember the ups and the downs

Goodbye my friends
Goodbye to the money
Adieu to the fuckers that think that it's funny
I just want to turn the lights on
in these volatile times
I just want to turn the lights on
in these volatile times

Look at me in the apocalypse
My European guilt, expecting instant fix
I imagine all the brutal services
Of ancient infidels
Of all the wounded and the crying witches

Goodbye my friends
Goodbye to the money
Adieu to the fuckers that think that it's funny
I just want to turn the lights on in these volatile times
I just want to turn the lights on in these volatile times

I drove through countries like a marching funeral
In the search of fools and utopias
Along the lonely roads with all the empty human souls
Filling their heavy hearts
With slum religion and Coca-Cola
Every book is read and I'm paralyzed
Every fist is clenched, but I'm so tired

Goodbye my friends
Goodbye to the money
Adieu to the fuckers that think that it's funny
I just want to turn the lights on
in these volatile times
I just want to turn the lights on
in these volatile (volatile) times

Really?

Laura Chariton, (click here) director of the Watershed Alliance of Marin, visits Redwood Creek, where the coho didn’t spawn this year.

November 29, 2017
By Peter Fimright

The cherished coho salmon that historically wriggled their way past beachgoers up Redwood Creek into Muir Woods vanished this year and are now on the verge of extinction, prompting a last-ditch attempt by fisheries biologists to save the genetically unique species.

No salmon eggs were spotted in the shade of the world-famous redwood grove this past winter, and not a single baby coho could be found in the summer. The situation was so bad in August that 105 juvenile salmon had to be removed from the creek and brought to a hatchery....

The Coho Salmon tend to be pretty fish with all their coloring.

AB 1961, (click here) the Coho Salmon Habitat Enhancement Leading to Preservation Act (Coho HELP Act) was recently passed by the California State Assembly. According to Assemblyman Jared Huffman, this law will help provide habitat improvements to the Coho species. “AB 1961 could be a vital step towards arresting that slide. It empowers the California Department of Fish and Game to use a one-stop process for approving immediate on-the-ground habitat restoration projects proposed by governmental and non-governmental partners to aid California’s struggling Coho salmon populations” (The Coho Salmon Help Act Passes California Assembly, Aug. 2012).

Every look at the clouds and think there is a message in them?

April 1, 2017
1330.18z
UNISYS Water Vapor Satellite of the North and West Hemisphere (click here for 12 hour loop - thank you)

To start, this is a very turbulent troposphere. This is not April Fool's at all.

The North Atlantic just south of Greenland has a vortex in the shape of a cog wheel. There is also no ITCZ. It was somewhat attempting to reform last week, so the physics are still intact, but, it is completely obliterated today by the turbulence. 

April 1, 2017
1330.18z
UNISYS Water Vapor GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) Satellite (click here for 12 hour loop - thank you)

That is exactly what is occurring with these Mid-latitude vortexes; they are pulleys. The manifested in October 2002 as chronic tropospheric structures. They carry hot air to the Arctic Circle to be cooled. The cost for that mechanism to cool Earth's troposphere are ice structures that do not regenerate while there is hot air.

The same dynamic is at play on the west coast of North America. It is not as comical in appearance, but, it is the exact same mechanism.

April 1, 2017
1430.18z
UNISYS Water Vapor GOES West Satellite (click here for 12 hour loop - thank you)

The lower air mass in the GOES West satellite is coming from the equatorial region and is warm air. The large air mass at the top of the globe is cold. What happens when these air masses find each other? Turbulence and the formation of threatening weather, why mess with this?

A human body temperature is 98.6 F. No other place in the solar system has that capacity. Earth is the most unique planet and requires a balance of tropospheric gases to protect life. We have to respect THE PHYSICS.

Tornado season for 2017 started at the beginning of the year and has not relented.

It isn't as if the New York was celebrated in Times Square and the NEW tornado season began. there were tornadoes thoughout 2016 including two on Christmas Day (click here). 

March 27, 2017
By Joe Kopecek

The biggest reason (click here) for the early start to the tornado season is the warmer than average temperatures across the country. One of the ingredients for severe weather is warm and humid air. We have had plenty of that for so early in the season....

This is the climate crisis and finally FOX News is reporting it accurately.

This is the second year there have been tornadoes throughout the year. This is the climate crisis and it is real. There is no reason to think the USA is helpless to stop the escalation of seriously dangerous weather. We can and we should. 

March 31, 2017

The severe weather that hit the city Wednesday (click here) caused five tornadoes to touch down in Houston and surrounding areas, according to the National Weather Service.

Survey teams canvassed areas on Thursday to investigate the damage. A tornado touched down near Bellaire at an apartment complex on Bissonnet near Renwick, Dan Reilly of the National Weather Service said. The EF-1  tornado that ripped through the apartment complex Wednesday was 50 yards wide and had wind speeds between 86 mph to 110 mph. 

Surveyors rate tornado damage based on the Enhanced Fujita scale. The scale is broken up into six categories, starting at EF-0 for tornadoes that cause minor damage and end with the most severe tornado, an  EF-5....

There were deaths in the USA from these tornadoes. NOAA reported 20 fatalities last year.

2017 Fatalities: 20 (click here) 2017 Fatalities by State: MS:4 GA:16

2017 Fatalities by Circumstance:
In Home:4 In Manufactured Home:15 Outside:0 In Building:0 In Vehicle:0 Unknown:1
Note 1: Killer tornadoes that cross state boundaries with deaths in both states are listed twice but counted once.
Note 2: The SPC online watch archive exists from 2004 to the current year.

April's Fool on Google Maps. 

Good fun.

I am very interested in those executive orders.

March 31, 2017
Bu Salvador Hernandez

...The two orders (click here) targeted trade deficits, a topic that Trump promised to tackle repeatedly throughout his campaign.

One was designed to identify trade deficits by country and by product, while the other aims to increase the collection of duties and imports....

Both these issues are very important and should have attention. The collection of monies to the treasury is important and identifying where American products can help other countries in a trade relationship matters.

There are significant issues surrounding the White House, I guess President Trump doesn't like being grilled over topics he cannot and will not comment on.

I understand the journalist and while it was perceived as a distasteful moment by President Trump, there is a chance he could have said something meaningful and it would have been a missed opportunity otherwise.

I have long stated the USA does not need a huge trade bill to achieve meaningful trading relationships. If the USA builds trade relationships country by country, the balance will be much better. It is my estimation, in such country by country trade negotiations there will be a growing middle class in other countries while jobs are protected at home. There is nothing wrong with that and a lot right with it.

I strongly believe country by country negotiations on trade is the correct method of conducting relationships. NAFTA and the others are simply convenience documents for Wall Street. They achieve no real balance in trade and countries build deficits that are not necessary.

In the case of China, it's communist government allowed Wall Street free access to a cheap labor force. Some say that was necessary to begin the economic growth of a country that now have rockets into space and also a nuclear arsenal. The Chinese people, in my opinion, have been used and depersonalized by their oligarchs. Dehumanization is a human rights violation. There is nothing wrong with people working for a living, everyone in the USA understands that; but; to employ people for minuscule wages is as though they are not receiving anything at all.

As a consequence for China's open door policy and the unrecognized "Greed Merchants" by the Chinese government the country has suffered unnecessarily by an over extended Wall Street. Factories were built and never used. People were expected to be hired that never were. There were no government protections for the Chinese people OR their export market. The huge manufacturing economy by Wall Street happened to fast. There were consequences for the Chinese people, their customers and the Chinese government. It was too much, too fast.

Today, the Chinese government is smarter and more motivated into sophistication. They now value human health in a way that benefits the Chinese people and their children. Their export quality matters to them. They now value environmental dangers and seek to contain them and redirect polluting habits allowed by an absent government. China has taken quality of life issues, human rights abuses seriously and it shows. THAT should have happened right from the beginning, the same with Mexico, in measured trade agreements that were a benefit and not an exploitation.

That is what I hope the executive orders begin to achieve for the USA. I hope there is a huge step back from exploitation to measured approaches for national security and a vibrant economic engine that is attractive to trade agreements, especially for local foreign and domestic governments seeking to have a broader market place.

Fire, flooding and climate.

April 21, 2017

By Traci Eatherton

The 1,200 residents of Satanta in Haskell County were evacuated Sunday afternoon as firefighters worked to contain a grass fire fed by strong winds.

...Last year's high wheat yield and low wheat prices (click here) have some growers looking at other crops, such as soybeans and corn, for the year. "I drove across the southern tier of (Kansas) counties, and saw a lot of wheat being grazed out. Crops being bailed for hay. And some being sprayed, terminating the crop, which are all indications that farmers may be changing crops," said Romulo Lollato, Kansas State University Extension forage specialist.

Total 2017/18 seedings of winter, other spring, and durum wheat for the 2017/18 marketing year, were reported in the NASS Prospective Plantings at just 46.1 million acres, which is 4.1 million acres smaller than the previous year's plantings. Winter wheat seedings are expected to be 3.4 million acres smaller than for the current marketing year, with durum and other spring planted area down 400,000 and 297,000 acres, respectively....

April 11, 2017

By USDA

Global 2016/17 wheat supplies (click here) are raised 1.7 million tons due to higher projected beginning stocks and a 0.3-million-ton increase in production. The change to beginning stocks stems from a 1.4-million-ton reduction in 2015/16 domestic consumption, primarily in the EU. World exports are lowered 0.3 million tons led by 0.5-million-ton decreases each for Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, and Russia. Partly offsetting are higher projected exports for the EU and Ukraine. Total global consumption for 2016/17 is lowered 0.6 million tons to 740.8 million with a 1.0-millionton decrease in the United States, more than offsetting a small net increase for foreign countries. With supplies rising and use declining, global ending stocks are raised 2.3 million tons to 252.3 million....

April 18, 2017

By Bob Burgdorfer

...“The first fields of corn were planted; (click here) however, fieldwork in most areas was limited to spring tillage and fertilizer application,” the Nebraska report said.

Topsoil moisture was adequate to plentiful throughout the Midwest, with Iowa reporting 99% adequate to surplus, Illinois 96%, Indiana 94% and Nebraska 77%....

...“Central and eastern counties continued to receive rainfall, while most western counties remained dry. The additional rainfall aided pasture and wheat development but continued to delay corn planting in many areas,” the Kansas report said. “Powdery mildew and stripe rust have been identified in some wheat fields.”...

...Oklahoma is still contending with drought conditions in eastern areas of the state, although rain did fall in much of the state. Statewide topsoil moisture was rated 5% surplus, 66% adequate, 22% short and 8% very short....

Any commodity coming out of Oklahoma should be tested for methane contamination. The waters in Oklahoma are contaminated and that includes any irrigation. The fracking in Oklahoma has contaminated the water as well as the land. All products of any kind that will find their way into animal or human consumption should be tested for methane contamination.

This is not the first time there has been overflow into the Flint River from sewage plants and it won't be the last.

The Flint River in Michigan was never suppose to be a water source for human consumption. It has poor recharge and it sincerely is not that big a river to supply water for human consumption.

March 31, 2017

By Dominic Adams

Flint, MI - Sewage and storm water (click here) were discharged from the city's wastewater treatment plant into the Flint River early Friday morning and health officials urge people to avoid contact downstream, the city said in a statement.

The discharge was from the recent heavy rains that exceeded the plant's ability to treat convey sewage into the plant, the statement said.

Sewage and wastewater overflowed into the Flint River at about 3:53 a.m., March 31 and city officials did not say how much was discharged into the river or how long it lasted.

MLive-The Flint Journal could not reach city officials for comment.

The wastewater treatment plant retention and treatment basin discharges into the Flint River whenever its capacity and the plant's capacity are exceeded, the statement said....

No, no, no, no. Uga!

Wrong way to go is to follow the idea citizens have to be covert. Comey is creating his own need to exist with such wacko ideas.

This is the country where surveillance meets communication technology with respect.  Being forced into hiding is not the way to go. Absolutely not!

REMEMBER, this is happening under Trump and he already committed to Comey as FBI Director. This is not the way to live in a democracy. We are still a democracy, aren't we?

March 31, 2017
By Alex Cranz

Until yesterday, FBI chief James Comey (click here) seemed like a pretty savvy internet user. The guy knows that you’re supposed to cover your webcam with tape to hide from the NSA and WhatsApp is a fantastic way to communicate securely—even if he hates you for using it. But when the numbnuts set out to make a series of secret social profiles online, he elected to use the name of a 20th century theologian known almost exclusively to theology students and political figures trying to sound smart.

Now, thanks to some very smart journalism by Ashley Feinberg, a senior reporter form Gizmodo Media Group’s Special Projects Desk, everyone knows the head of the FBI is probably an egg on Twitter who likes New York Times stories about himself.

So, apart from eschewing social media all together, how can you, a private citizen, avoid a similar reverse-doxxing?...

Pence is afraid of his own lack of identity to dine privately with a woman.

Subliminal message, "Women can't be trusted with fidelity. It is not my fault."

"Uga! Uga!" One word, right? Exclamatory sentences, correct? I don't speak Caveman, so I am assuming there is an exclamation point after each guttural sound.

Maybe three "Uga!" are better. "Uga! Uga! Uga!." Better? Right?

March 31, 2017
By Jessica Valenti

I have to hand it to conservatives: (click here) it’s 2017, and somehow they have Americans debating whether it’s appropriate to dine alone with a woman.

You see, this week a Washington Post article about Karen Pence revealed that the vice-president will not eat a meal with a woman other than his wife. Those on the right are commending Pence’s marital devotion and moral fortitude, claiming that such a rule is a smart defense against sexual temptation.

One conservative blogger questioned where there was ever a good reason for a married person to eat out alone with a member of the opposite sex; the former CEO of the blog RedState chimed in to answer: “Planning your spouse’s surprise party or funeral and that is it.”...

No immunity for Flynn. Facts will come forward in trial IF he is defensiable at all.

March 31, 2017
By Chad Day, Eileen Sullivan and Julie Pace

Washington - Former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn (click here)is in discussions with the House and Senate intelligence committees on receiving immunity from "unfair prosecution" in exchange for agreeing to be questioned as part of ongoing probes into possible contacts between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and Russia, his attorney says.

"General Flynn certainly has a story to tell, and he very much wants to tell it, should the circumstances permit," attorney Robert Kelner said Thursday.

Kelner said no "reasonable person" with legal counsel would answer questions without assurances that he would not be prosecuted, given calls from some members of Congress that the retired lieutenant general should face criminal charges....

Very little of the trial will be public due to his positions of power in the government. In that lies an opportunity for THE TRUTH in closed sessions. Either he is guilty or not. Let him prove his innocence with THE TRUTH. There is no reason to offer him a deal.

Read more here: http://www.theolympian.com/news/politics-government/article141893424.html#storylink=cpy

Campaign promises are frequently lies. The difference between mainstream politics and Trump, is that Trump believes the lies.

March 28, 2017

About 35 years ago in Flagstaff, (click here) a prostitute more than held her own in a game of mental chess while answering questions from a prosecutor during the murder trial of an infamous motorcycle gang president.

Her testimony contradicted statements she had earlier given authorities, yet she held firm that the version she was giving on the witness stand was the truth.

And, the prosecutor asked, did that mean the earlier contradictory statements were a lie?

Absolutely not, she replied. When asked how they could not be considered a lie, she flippantly replied, “I wasn’t under oath then.”

Amazingly, a similar mentality is at work in a legal hearing from the man who once bragged that he was the “Toughest Sheriff in America.”

Former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio currently faces a misdemeanor charge for disobeying a court order to discontinue immigration patrols. Those patrols, the Associated Press reported, continued for 17 months after a judge issued the order.

He is now asking the judge hearing the criminal contempt-of-court case to not allow statements he made on the campaign trail concerning immigration enforcement to be used in the current case against him.

There is no denying he made the statements, but according to court records they should not be admissible because they were “not made under oath.”...

How is peaceful genocide carried out?

Seriously, now. The White Supremacists want to carry out peaceful genocide.

How does that happen?

Yes, I think this is a serious issue.


Cultural Degradation and lack of enforcement of principles that uphold it.

"Cultural Degradation and Minority Student Adaptations: (click here) The School Experience and Minority Adjustment Contingencies." George W. Noblit and Collins, Thomas W.

Counterpoints

Vol. 44, Particularities: Collected Essays on Ethnography and Education (1999), pp. 127-141

As a collective, the people of the USA are being taught that celebrations 'away from work' causes a loss in economic viability as a country. That is a lie. Such celebrations make us stronger in all aspects. Celebrations bring about an economy that upholds the integrity of the morality of a society. Should we do away with the 4th of July and replace it with April 30th?

The point is the USA has built a society that values freedom, social order and humanity. We strive to do better than the generation before facilitated by that very generation of parents. That is a phenomena we should all cherish, yet in the year 2017 the poison that pervades our society is removing the government previous generations have nurtured. We are, or already have, losing our culture. That degraded culture is being replaced by the "Culture of the Homeless."

Does the Republican Party have a culture? What is it?

Rudeness, bullying, power misdirected, but, also there is the social culture of such values as Paleo/Carnivore/Caveman. The dietary staple of the homeless is eggs and beef. Carbs as available. I don't care where one looks, the soup kitchens serve the caveman diet to the homeless. 

Do the homeless have a culture? You betcha.

Women are fought over in the USA in the streets as a symbol of masculinity. That is the culture of the chronically homeless. Cavemen and their women euphemistically dragged by the hair. No joke.

How do you get the disenfranchised to vote?

You relate their culture back to them in a way that provides hope. 

"The Art of the Deal" can take up to ten years to achieve and that is why the Trump voter is satisfied with the ? progress ? 

Ten years? In government that is a flash of light.

...He began his work in 1966 in Boston, (click here) after visiting the Columbia Point Health Center -- a successful clinic bringing health care to low-income residents of the community. Kennedy came away impressed with the clinic's ability to provide treatment to low-income populations. He was aware of a similar clinic in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, and saw in the two clinics a model that could be replicated across the nation to provide more health care to people who needed it. He introduced an amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act that set aside $51 million to establish another 30 centers around the country. Today, as a direct result of Senator Kennedy's vision as a 34-year-old, first-term senator, 20 million low-income Americans receive access to quality primary care at 1,200 community health centers across all 50 states and U.S. territories...

The Art of the Deal holds no magic act. It provides nothing in the way of a policy or platform. It is about power and how to PERSISTENTLY press an agenda. That is definitely a form of art. A deal? Negotiations are always ongoing and in government are hardly a deal. Policy invokes any COMPROMISE.

Do I think Donald Trump has something unique to add to the USA's proud history of diversity, humanity and justice? Absolutely not. The longer his administration continues, the more and more it is evident it has an agenda that degrades the American culture and belongs nowhere in governance.

Keep feeding the homeless and generating false hope and the elections may work out for Republicans for awhile considering the term of a president is eight years and Trump's dealing can take ten.