In the USA affirming it's alliance within NATO, there needs to be reassurances from Erdogan he won't stray.

Now is not the time to be detaining journalists. Freedom of speech was never more important in Turkey. Erdogan is far to cozy with Russia and the people have a right to be free and remain that way.

22 January 2022

A prominent Turkish TV journalist (click here) has been detained and could face imprisonment after being charged with insulting the country’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Police detained Sedef Kabaş at her home at 2am on Saturday and took her to a police station, before she faced court and was jailed pending a trial.

The alleged insult was a proverb that Kabaş expressed both on an opposition television channel and her Twitter account.

The proverb translates to: “When the ox comes to the palace, he does not become a king. But the palace becomes a barn.”...

The Climate Crisis…

 …will ultimately defeat Russia’s ideology for Ukraine. The frozen ground in the winter months will prove to be unstable. There was a great deal of flooding in Odessa during July 2021. Erosion still exists and the deep freeze that provides roads is growing less and less reliable. 

The Cold War that Putin clings to is melting under his very feet. No one cares about Russia anymore. It’s government was defeated when the Soviet Union fell and Russia has failed at being a valuable trading partner. The citizens of Russia have grown tired of the false militarized face of Russia. They want a different government. Putin cannot roll back the clock nor prevent Earth from leveling danger at a petroleum based economy.

It is over. Putin’s politics doesn’t allow for reality, only more and more corrupt elections and propaganda.

I sincerely believe…

 …in the unity of NATO. I strongly believe the current military build up throughout Europe and NATO is correct and best. 

Vladimir Putin placed war ships in the English Channel and the sovereign waters of Europe. That is a direct threat with intentions of dividing NATO to allow for actual weakness and conquest.

Such divisiveness would allow Putin an opportunity to disrupt far more than Ukraine in his ideology in returning the Soviet Union. NATO is living up to its Constitution and preparing to defend the alliance borders.

Under the previous administration, NATO was threatened as an alliance with weakening resolve. It is that weakened resolve that Putin is attempting to defeat altogether. Today, Russia showed its true intentions and the entire of the NATO alliance pushed back. Every citizen of NATO countries can be proud of the resolve exhibited today against a very hostile power.

Today, NATO proved it is a strong and resolute alliance that is real and not just a promise on paper.

Prayers are help in protecting a soldier's soul, but, real munitions are the answer to those that act against God.

January 24, 2022
By Cindy Wooden

Airman 1st Class Olabode Igandan palletizes ammunition, weapons and other equipment bound for Ukraine during a foreign military sales mission at Dover Air Force Base, Del., Jan. 21, 2022. Pope Francis at his Jan. 23 Sunday Angelus said he is deeply concerned by growing tensions between Russia and Ukraine and called for a day of prayer for peace Jan. 26.

Vatican City - Saying he was worried about Ukraine (click here) and how a possible Russian-Ukrainian conflict could spread, Pope Francis proclaimed Jan. 26 as a day of prayer for peace in Ukraine.

Responding to a buildup of Russian troops near the Ukrainian-Russian border and the inability of major powers to agree on a solution, Catholic bishops in Ukraine and Poland and Ukrainian Catholic bishops in the United States also called for prayers for the prevention of war.

After reciting the Angelus prayer Jan. 23, Pope Francis said, “I am following with concern the rising tensions that threaten to strike a new blow at peace in Ukraine and put into question the security of the European continent, with even wider repercussions.”...

We are at war with Russia.

Trump emboldened them and now there is war in the air. This brings in China and North Korea as allies to Russia.

January 19, 2022

A group of Russian amphibious warfare vessels (click here) — three of which left the Baltic Sea region yesterday, preceded by another three the day before — have started to enter the English Channel. Some expect that their journey will eventually take them to the Black Sea to participate in an invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces.

Multiple reports confirm that all six of the Russian Navy warships have begun their passage through the English Channel, after which they will enter the Atlantic Ocean. The vessels comprise the Project 775 Ropucha class amphibious warfare ships Olenegorskiy Gornyak and Georgiy Pobedonosets, as well as the Project 11711 Ivan Gren class landing ship Pyotr Morgunov, from the Northern Fleet, plus three other Ropuchas, the Korolev, Minsk, and Kaliningrad, from the Baltic Fleet....

These aren't drills. This is an invasion into the English Channel. It is a direct threat to the UK and NATO.

24 January 2022
By Chris Pleasance

Russia will hold live-fire naval drills (click here) off the coast of Ireland next month, Moscow has announced amid rapidly escalating tensions with the West.

Battleships will take part in sea drills around 150 miles off Ireland's southwest coast, within the country's 'exclusive economic zone' but outside its territorial waters.

Foreign Minister Simon Coveney revealed on Monday that Russia informed Ireland about the drills at the weekend, saying the warships are 'not welcome' but his country 'doesn't have the power to stop this from happening'....

The USA is deployed in the Pacific. Putin believes post Trump he has the best intelligence about The West that he has ever had and he believes this is the only chance Russia has to reek havoc globally. Putin is providing every reason to act against him. This is not a minor issue. Ireland is reporting Russian ships off it's coast.

24 January 2022

By Tom Gillespie

Boris Johnson (click here) has warned that "gloomy" intelligence suggested Russia was planning a lightning raid on Ukraine's capital Kyiv as fears grow of an invasion - with NATO sending additional ships and jets to its deployments in eastern Europe.

The alliance said it could also add additional combat units in response to Russia's military build-up on Ukraine's border.

NATO has so far based about 4,000 troops in multinational battalions in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland, backed by tanks, air defences and intelligence and surveillance units.

Russia has massed around 100,000 troops near Ukraine's border, demanding that NATO promise it will never allow Ukraine to join and that other actions, such as stationing alliance troops in former Soviet bloc countries, be curtailed. Moscow denies it is planning an invasion....

This is more than just a threat to an invasion of Ukraine, this is a direct threat against The West. If The West ever wanted to move against Russia, there is a clear path to the legal stance of it's military now. The West is completely justified in moving against Russia. No holds barred.

Putin is a foolish man to think that brinkmanship is okay. These are the sovereign waters of Western countries and it has the upper hand now to end the aggression by Russia. This is not a game. Russia is leveraging against The West and it has a right to defend itself now.

Russia is not in international waters anymore. Death means nothing to Putin so long as it isn't his own.

Bans on nuclear weapons is in effect for one year now. What does that mean? In regards to peace it is a real effort to end nuclear proliferation. In the real world, with North Korea ignoring such measures, it means little.

January 22, 2022

Saturday marks one year (click here) since the United Nations treaty banning nuclear weapons came into force.

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons proclaims any use of such weapons would be inhumane and would violate international law. It prohibits the development, manufacturing, possession and use of nuclear weapons. It's the first international accord to impose a comprehensive ban on such activities.

Adopted in 2017 by the UN, it came into force on January 22, 2021, after 50 countries and territories had ratified or acceded to it.

The treaty has so far collected 86 signatories and 59 instruments of ratification or accession, up nine over the past year.

Meanwhile, neither nuclear-armed countries nor nations that rely on US nuclear deterrent, such as NATO members and Japan, have joined the pact....

The USA owns more nuclear warheads than all other nuclear countries combined. President Biden has recently finalized it's Nuclear Posture Review (click here).

Taiwan has conventional intermeidate missiles capable of reaching China.

January 24, 2022

Tokyo - The new U.S. ambassador to Japan, (click here) Rahm Emanuel, arrived in Japan on Sunday, filling a key post that has been vacant for more than two years and taking on the crucial task of enhancing their countries' alliance amid China's growing assertiveness in the region.

The 62-year-old former top aide to former President Barack Obama is known for his close ties with President Joe Biden.

Emanuel gained the trust of Biden when he was White House chief of staff from 2009 to 2010 for Obama, whom Biden served as vice president.

After his arrival in Japan, Emanuel tweeted that he and his wife are "excited to have arrived in Japan and are eager to meet the people of Japan as we travel throughout the country."

The U.S. ambassadorial post has been vacant since William Hagerty stepped down in July 2019 to run for the Senate....

January 24, 2022

Tokyo - Japan is considering evacuating its nationals (click here) in Ukraine amid fears of an imminent Russian invasion, Japanese government sources said Monday, following such an order by the United States to family members of its embassy staff.

The Foreign Ministry warned against traveling to Ukraine for any purpose. Its second-highest Level 3 advisory, which previously covered parts of the Eastern European country, now applies to the whole of the nation.

About 250 Japanese citizens including family of embassy staff live in Ukraine, according to the ministry....

January 24, 2022
By Takuya Mizorogi

Tokyo - Central and Eastern European countries, (click here) with which China has worked to strengthen ties through its Belt and Road Initiative, have begun changing their stance toward Beijing.

In an interview with Nikkei, Akio Miyajima, Ambassador of Japan to Poland, said these countries are finding the economic benefit from China is not as great as they had expected. He argued that Japan should strengthen relations with these countries, especially Poland, a pro-U.S. country.

As Poland has been wary about the growing military ambitions of Russia and is located on the counter-Russia front line of NATO, "it should be an urgent issue for Japan to strengthen ties with Poland, which is a major country in Eastern Europe, for the purpose of keeping Russia and China in check," Miyajima said....

There is no backing down or playing "Chicken," this is real and so is the threat. Putin and Xi along with any other of their friends are currently calculating The West's ability, agility and LACK of will. There is always the question as to what is NEW in the arsenals of NATO and the USA that come out of hiding for a threat such as this.

Russia and it's friends must be crippled, without exception, after such blatant disregard for world peace and the lives of innocent people. There can be no exception.

The Prime Minister does not understand Putin. He has no conscience. Simple.

Putin has been at the top of Russian communist leadership far to long and he is absolutely bloodthirsty in his ambitions.

He promised Ukraine to the Russian communists if they allowed him to rule Russia for the rest of his natural life. He is going to deliver what his politics dictate for him to do.

Western Ukraine needs to be ready for refugees. It is going to be the most horrifying episode in those people's lives. NATO must hold the line on any of this violence spilling into it's alliance borders.

There is no doubt the Prime Minister is correct, after the bloody mess is achieved, it will be ungovernable. It was ungovernable before the Maidan.

Russia had every opportunity to be a trading partner with Ukraine along with The West, but, Putin doesn's want to be a trading partner, he wants the Soviet Union back. He is dead set on his ideology about the land and how it is OCCUPIED. In any occupied Russian land there is no economy. It will occur in Ukraine and the civil war will be set in motion.

No one has accused Vladimir Putin of being a bright man or an able one either. What he understands about economics he learned from a communist book somewhere. He believes in communism and refuses to recognize the fact it is a failed governance and certainly not an economic machine.

  

Readiness. NATO is ready. Impressive. I am proud of NATO.

January 24, 2022
By Dmitry Antonov and Sabine Siebold

Moscow/Brussels - NATO said on Monday (click here) it was putting forces on standby and reinforcing eastern Europe with more ships and fighter jets, in what Russia denounced as an escalation of tensions over Ukraine.

"NATO will continue to take all necessary measures to protect and defend all allies, including by reinforcing the eastern part of the alliance," NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said in a statement.

Britain said it was withdrawing some staff and dependants from its embassy in Ukraine in response to "a growing threat from Russia", a day after the United States said it was ordering diplomats' family members to leave....

There are demonstrations in Brussels. What goes on? Another internet falsehood from Russia?

Most probably, Russia. It is another COVID protest. Amazing.

These people were required to attend school until the age of 16. I am sure they can understand that vaccines are better for them than the virus.

24/01/22

Thousands of demonstrators (click here) from across the United States descended on Washington DC to decry COVID-19 mandates on Sunday.

Many participants, mostly maskless, shouted that the government is intervening in individual health issues after the capital adopted masks and vaccine mandates.

"People shouldn't be forced to do these things. We should have a choice," said protester Roger Miller....

...Belgian police used water cannons and fired tear gas on Sunday in an attempt to disperse an estimated 50,000 people, with some thought to have travelled from France, Germany, and other countries, angry at the country's health pass and other pandemic restrictions.

"It's an international manifestation; people are coming from Holland, from Germany, from France, from Italy, from Poland," said one Belgian protester.

Protests carried signs slamming Prime Minister Alexander De Croo as well as the government's measures.

"Liberty!" was the cry as the protestors marched and violently clashed with the police....

Youngkin is a Trump dirt bag.

These are not political appointees. There needs to be an ethics investigation of the Virginia Attorney General. Virginians will not appreciate this mess.

This is a Banana Republic directive. Virginia will now bounce all over the place politcally and it will never get anything done. This is the Trump directive and it is nothing but nonsense. All the Republicans running for office are intent on causing instability in government and hindering services. Voters need to realize their Republican candidates are nothing but trouble makers and have no intention of good or effective governance.

This is not about Trump, it is about governance. When the Former Democratic Governor Terry McAullife ran on an anti-Trump theme, the people of Virginia could not stand to hear the name and tuned him out. He should not have used the word Trump, he should have run on STABIITY IN GOVERNANCE.

When Trump was in the White House the entire federal government was in flux all the time. We now know that when the Republicans are complaining about wrongful elections and fraud they are doing nothing but raising money, that is why the complaints are frequent and prolonged.

The public universities involved need to have their Board of Trustees review the dismissal of their attorneys and file lawsuits against the Attorney General. Why? Because the lawyers that were dismissed KNOW what the issues at the universities are and now someone needs to learn their job all over again. There will be delays in processing issues that could have been easily handled by existing staff. 

The Republicans are turning their elections into windfalls for their party members in placing more and more people in government jobs to secure more loyalty to party priorities and not doing the work of the people. There will be a lot of dysfunction in Virginia's governance and it should be an example of the poor governance Republicans bring to elections.

This is just the beginning. 

The public universities need to stand their ground in funding and maintaining their admissions and even increasing the number of students accepted. The labs and classrooms must remain in public ownership and maintain reasonable admission costs and fees. Their professors need to be firm in their cirriculum and never give into unfair labor practices. Teacher unions are going to have a lot of work cut out for them, but, this is the Republicans now and there needs to be plenty of push back. 

This is going to be a very difficult time for Virginia and there will be repeated lawsuits due to unfair and unsafe practices of the Youngkin administration.

 

The waning gibbous

20.7 day old moon

65.2 percent lit

"The Atlantic" has some incredible pictures (click here).

Below is one of them, absolutely magnificent.

The glow of the aurora borealis illuminates the night sky above Kellostapuli Fell in Kolari, Lapland, Finland, on January 15, 2022.

He needs little help from anyone to make his case for being a US Senator.

Mark Kelly is a brilliant man, a great American and he has a nice wife.

I am sure he prefers having the picture of him in a business suit over the orange one, but, he is different than others in the US Senate. He has a vision of tomorrow that most young voters can appreciate and hold onto as a promise. He knows Earth from a unique vantage point and he is aware of where the Space program can take Americans into their future of dreams. I believe he understands the climate crisis.

I think it is important for Mark Kelly to be in the US Senate. We need him there for a lot of reasons and he is on the side of Arizona all the time. He cares a great deal for this country and that is a big plus for all of us.

Please consider donating to his campaign (click here). He has a lot of ground to make up when it comes to the fraudulent case of voter fraud used by the Republicans for raising campaign funds. Thank you.

Senator Kelly (click here) is the son of two police officers, and he attended public schools from elementary school through the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. As a naval aviator, he served on the aircraft carrier the U.S.S. Midway and flew 39 combat missions in Operation Desert Storm. Senator Kelly was later selected as an astronaut in 1996 in the same class as his twin brother Scott. He flew his first of four missions into space in 2001 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour and retired from the Navy and NASA after commanding the final flight of Endeavour in 2011. Senator Kelly was sworn into his Senate seat on December 2, 2020 to finish the term of the late Senator John McCain. He lives in Tucson with his wife, former Congresswoman Gabby Giffords.

These are the other Republicans running for US Senate. There isn't a lot about them online.

Thomas Tripp (R)

Eric Corbett (R)

Mark Fisher (R)

David Buechel (R)

Chad Yosick (R)

Daniel Butierez (R)

Kelly Garett (R)

Craig Brittain (R)

Joshua McElroy (R)

Robert Paveza (R)

Vladislav Hermann (R)

Wendy Acuna (R)

Ronald Coale (R)

John Schiess (R)

There are a couple of candiates on the Democcratic Primary ticket in Arizona.

Trista Tramposch di Genova-CHANG! (click here)

She has tried to run for Sherrif and talks about horse maniure. That might be an issue for some folks, but, it is not an overwhelming topic. I think she is a reaction to the former Sherrif Joe. Maybe. 

Mollick, Joseph "J.R." is the third candidate on the Democratic Primary for US Senate. I did not see much infomation online about this candidate, but, that probably plays to his strengths. He is mentioned on the candidate list in the newspaper. (click here) I am sure the local and/or state party knows him.

Climate is not frequently a topic in elections, but, it should be.

Arizona Snow Pack (click here)

Arizona is currently in the 27th year of a long-term drought. (click here) Drought in the West is a long-term concept, which means that a single dry year does not constitute a drought in Arizona. Since Arizona has an arid and semi-arid climate, extremely variable precipitation is normal. Drought is instead characterized by a string of dry years, occasionally interrupted by a wet year or two. Since 1994, most watersheds in the state have experienced only a total of nine or ten wet years....

The description below of Arizona weather is similar to what we are seeing across the country. The rainfall comes with intense storms, while the overall accumulation for more than half the country is failing. (click here)

Even with rainfall in the eastern half of the USA fairly normal in volume, the methods by which it is being delivered results in a lot of damage to property and some deaths.

August 4, 2017

...The new study (click here) was published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. Using more detailed and localized precipitation information than is standard for weather data, Castro’s team compared monsoon rainfall throughout the Southwest from two periods — 1950 to 1970 and 1991 to 2010. The team found that Phoenix and many of the state’s low deserts saw rain falling in much more intense bursts. This happened even as the daily average rainfall across most of Arizona decreased by as much as 30 percent in some places...

Justin Olson can continue being a tax preparer or whatever it is he does.

He worked for Trent Franks in the US House of Representatives. Trent Franks asked two female staffers to have his baby and he would pay them $5 million. That was not a joke. When the staffer refused, Franks got angry. The staffer was afraid she would have to have intercourse with Franks as part of the surrogate process. There was an ethics investigation and Franks resigned shortly after.

I don't think as a Franks staffer he was a hero and stopped the entire encounter and protected the woman. There was no heroics that came out of Mr. Olson. He needs to keep his day job.

"Mick" was the first candidate to declare his intentions to run.

June 8, 2021
By Jonathan J. Cooper

Retired Maj. Gen. Michael “Mick” McGuire, (click here) who led the Arizona National Guard through the state's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, formally began his campaign for U.S. Senate on Tuesday, becoming the second major Republican looking to unseat Democrat Mark Kelly.

McGuire introduced himself with an online video highlighting his military career and presenting himself as a political outsider tired of “weak leaders” and “politicians who sit on the sidelines.”

McGuire calls in the video for securing the border, and says he opposes abortion, will protect 1st and 2nd Amendment rights and “will walk shoulder to shoulder with law enforcement.”

In an interview, he said he's a “strict conservative constitutionalist cut from the same cloth as Antonin Scalia," the former U.S. Supreme Court justice who advocated interpreting the Constitution as the framers intended. He said he wants to use the leadership skilled he honed from a career in military command to unite a Republican Party fractured between supporters and critics of former President Donald Trump....

He seems like an nice guy that has all the verbiage of a serious Repuglican candidate, but, do we really need a general in the US Senate. Anyone who has seen the military budget would differ on his seat of power.

Another rich, white guy that wants to run the world according to profit and loss statements.

July 13, 2021
By Theo Wayt

An executive at Peter Thiel’s venture capital fund (click here) is running for a US Senate seat with $10 million in backing from his boss.

Blake Masters, the 34-year-old chief operating officer at investment firm Thiel Capital and a former protege of the billionaire at Stanford, announced Monday that he is running as a Republican to unseat Arizona Democratic Sen. Mark Kelly in 2022.

In his campaign launch, Masters pledged to “completely end illegal immigration” and fight “indoctrination” in the school system.

Masters has never held public office and faces a crowded GOP primary field that includes state Attorney General Mark Brnovich and wealthy energy executive Jim Lamon....

"Let's go BRAND (like Trump brand) ON."

Evidently, Lamon couldn't come up with his own BRAND of slogan when attempting to secure the Republican candidate for US Senate.

January 10, 2022

By Julia Manchester

...Sept. 15, 2021. (click here) Lamon said the United States should not accept Afghan refugees, including translators and others who helped the American military during the 20-year war....

Arizona Republican Senate candidate Jim Lamon (click here) invoked the anti-Biden phrase "Let's go, Brandon" in a campaign ad released on Monday.

The ad, which kicks off a six-figure ad campaign throughout Arizona, will air tonight during the College Football Playoff championship game.

The Hill was the first outlet to view the ad, which is the first national campaign spot to invoke the slogan.

"Let’s take the fight to Joe Biden and show him we the people put America first," Lamon says in the ad. "The time is now. Let’s go, Brandon. Are you with me?"

Lamon is a part of a crowded Republican field to challenge Sen. Mark Kelly (D-Ariz.) in the state's Senate race in November. It is set to be one of the most closely watched Senate races in the country, with the nonpartisan Cook Political Report rating it as a "toss-up."...

The split personality decision by the Robert's court regarding mandates is about money, not effective policy.

Nothing comes between Republicans and their money, not even the USA Constitution. Brnovich is a candidate for Republican nominee for US Senate. Very hairy guy. That interfers with a space suit, doesn't it?

January 19, 2022

By Timothy H. J. Nerozzi

Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich (click here) published a letter Wednesday to Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen after she threatened, on behalf of the Biden administration, to withhold funds from the state due to a difference in COVID-19 policy.

"Madam Secretary, the states created the federal government, not the other way around," Brnovich wrote. "Unfortunately, members of the Biden administration have continuously ignored this fundamental principle of our great nation when proposing and enacting bureaucratic mandates and harmful regulations upon individual states."...

You know those election audits? They weren't really serious. They were fund raisers.

Because of the audits, Arizona Republicans have out raised Democrats and have done NOTHING to improve the election status as they stated was the cause of the audits. Arizona Repuglicans need to be sued now for gross malpractice in election preparedness.

July 29, 2021
By Jonathan J. Cooper

Phoenix - Groups connected to prominent supporters (click here) of former President Donald Trump’s movement to cast doubt on the 2020 election results have raised more than $5.7 million for Arizona Republicans’ election audit, according to figures released late Wednesday.

Doug Logan, CEO of Cyber Ninjas, the little-known firm hired to lead the audit, ended months of silence about who was paying for it and how much it cost. The money from pro-Trump groups dwarfs the $150,000 contributed by the Arizona Senate, which commissioned the audit and hired Cyber Ninjas.

Among those leading the fundraising groups are Michael Flynn, Trump’s former national security advisor; Sydney Powell, his attorney who filed a number of baseless lawsuits challenging election results; Patrick Byrne, a former chief executive of Overstock.com; and correspondents from the pro-Trump One America News Network.

Republican Senate President Karen Fann says the audit is only meant to see whether improvements are needed to state election laws. But the audit has long been associated with the “stop the steal” movement, and Trump has predicted it will uncover evidence to support his discredited theories of fraud....

How is the climate crisis treating West Virginia?

January 22, 2022
By Jason Samenow

In an elevated valley of northeast West Virginia on Saturday morning, it was colder than just about anywhere in Alaska and among the most frigid locations in the entire United States.

Alaska hasn't seen frigid temperatures in nearly two decades as it once did. The icefields that at one time surrounded Alaska and kept it cold are no longer. They are all receding.

28 December 2021

An unusual winter warm spell in Alaska (click here) has brought daytime temperatures soaring past 15.5C (60F) and torrents of rain at a time of year normally associated with bitter cold and snow.

At the island community of Kodiak, the air temperature at a tidal gauge hit 19.4C (67F) degrees on Sunday, the highest December reading ever recorded in Alaska, said scientist Rick Thoman of the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy. He called it “absurd.”...

Just 125 miles west of Washington, the temperature at a weather station in Canaan Valley plunged to minus-31 degrees. It is the coldest reading on record in that part of the state.

The weather station is managed by Virginia Tech at the Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge.

The previous lowest temperature measured in Canaan Valley was minus-27 on Jan. 21, 1985, according to Robert Leffler, a retired National Weather Service climatologist, who reported the news in an email.

Canaan Valley is a popular ski destination and home to two resorts, Canaan Valley Resort and Timberline.

Weather records have been kept in Canaan Valley since 1944, according to Leffler. The Virginia Tech weather station, however, was installed only about three years ago by meteorology instructor David Carroll. It is probable that the temperatures fell even lower there in the past....