Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective for the prevention of infectious diseases (click here) and have significantly reduced mortality and morbidity. Novel approaches are needed to develop safe and effective vaccines against disease. Major challenges in vaccine development include stability in a suitable dosage form and effective modes of delivery. Many live attenuated vaccines are capable of eliciting both humoral and cell mediated immune responses if physicochemically stable in an appropriate delivery vehicle. Knowing primary stresses that impart instability provides a general rationale for formulation development and mode of delivery. Since most pathogens enter the body through the mucosal route, live-attenuated vaccines have the advantage of mimicking natural immunization via non-invasive delivery. This presentation will examine aspects of formulation design, types of robust dosage forms to consider, effective routes of delivery (invasive and noninvasive), and distinctions between live attenuated or inactivated vaccines....
This is from a published article in India. I thought the use of electron radiation to kill the nucleic acid was easier to understand. Viruses are RNA or ribonucleic acid. The illustration above shows more options that can be used to kill the virus while preserving parts of the virus for vaccine development.
An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) (click here) is a vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and then lose disease producing capacity.
In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened).
Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity (virulence) and thus prevent infection from the vaccine.
The virus is killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde.
Inactivated vaccines are known for their safety and easy production....
