...16. There are new factors to consider in the post-2003 Iraq, which are related to
the small quantities issue. The first factor relates to the probable increase in the
number and scope of legitimate research and development activities involving small
quantities of dual-use chemicals, including their procurement from abroad. In the
past, Iraq was largely isolated from the international scientific community and
therefore the number and scope of such activities remained restricted. An additional
factor relates to the change of ownership of industry in Iraq. All institutions,
including joint ventures and private companies in Iraq previously declared by Iraq
as engaged in activities with dual-use chemicals or equipment on any scale had been
either State-controlled or closely supervised by the State authorities and monitored
by United Nations inspectors. This included the food, petrochemical, fertilizer,
pesticide and explosives industries. Governmental control over non-State-owned
establishments similar to that under the previous regime may no longer be in place.
Therefore, it may be difficult for Iraq’s authorities to collect a complete set of data
on activities in the chemical area in the country without appropriate national
regulations and/or requirements on its facilities and other entities. Additional
sources of information regarding export/import activities on, for example,
equipment and material as well as other information would be needed by the
national authorities....
